In 1441, it was restored and currently is also undergoing another restoration. In its present form the church is the result of reconstruction made in 5-7th centuries and belongs to the type of construction of cathedrals – central domed criss-cross hall. With a minimum of ornament, the building [...] is a solid stone construction, its arches sober romanesque curves. "In 483/484 ... the basic core of the current structure was created...", The complete title is "Allegorical prosopopoeia on the Holy Cathedral at Vagharshapat", "...at Germigny-des-Prés (on the Loire, near Orleans) is an exact reproduction of the Armenian apse-buttressed square with free central pillars, dating from the ninth century. In 2000 UNESCO added Etchmiadzin Cathedral, the churches of St. Hripsime, St. Gayane, Shoghakat and the ruined Zvartnots Cathedral to the list of World Heritage Sites. [2] Naghash Hovnatan painted parts of the interior between 1712 and 1721. [62] At this time, cells for monks, a guesthouse and other structures were built around the cathedral. [2] At that time Etchmiadzin was under the control of the Turkic Kara Koyunlu, but in 1502, Safavid Iran gained control of parts of Armenia, including Etchmiadzin, and granted the Armenian Church some privileges. [85][86] A few days after the attempt, the Russians returned to Etchmiadzin, where they caught a different Persian force by surprise and routed them. It is included in the UNESCO world heritage list together with the Mother Cathedral.The church was founded in 618 by Komitas … At the end of 1918, there were about 70,000 refugees in the Etchmiadzin district. "[2][19] However, the name Etchmiadzin did not come into use until the 15th century,[4] while earlier sources call it "Cathedral of Vagharshapat. 387–439). "[157], Before the foundation of the First Republic of Armenia and the official designation of Yerevan as its capital in 1918, Western sources emphasized Etchmiadzin's political significance. Nowadays, the terms Etchmiadzin and Vagharshapat are interchangeably used. Diminished during the early Soviet period, Etchmiadzin revived again in the second half of the twentieth century, and under independent Armenia.[2]. [72], During the 16th and 17th centuries, Armenia suffered from its location between Persia and Ottoman Turkey, and the conflicts between those two empires. [142][143], Art historian Josef Strzygowski, who was the first European to thoroughly study Armenian architecture,[144] and who placed Armenia in the center of European architecture,[145] suggested that several churches and chapels in Western Europe have been influenced by the cathedrals of Etchmiadzin and Bagaran due to similarities found within their plans. Since then the cathedral has undergone a number of renovations. [75][79] Shah Abbas reportedly offered the cathedral to the Pope. Etchmiadzin Cathedral 042.JPG 4,320 × 3,240; 5.36 MB. Evidence For Date: Important Details: State of Preservation: Reconstructions: Summary: The cathedral of S. Etchmiadzin, the seat of the Catholicos of the Armenians, is located in Vagharshapat, Soviet Armenia, 25 km. A visit to Etchmiadzin enables us to understand the tenacity of this people and their devotion to their faith better than a whole library of books.". [1][38] Based on these findings, Sahinian asserted that the original church had been a three-naved[53] vaulted basilica,[1] similar to the basilicas of Tekor, Ashtarak and Aparan (Kasakh). The original church was built in 301 AD, but it was replaced by the current church in 483 AD. [62] According to Murad Hasratyan, Etchmiadzin's design was spread to Europe via the Eastern Roman Empire and served as a model—besides Germigny-des-Prés and San Satiro—for the Nea Ekklesia church in Constantinople and the churches of Mount Athos in Greece. [94] A hospital and an orphanage within the cathedral's grounds were established and maintained by the U.S.-based Armenian Near East Relief by 1919.[2]. [133], In the 1950s, the stone floor was replaced with one of marble. [61] Most[60] researchers have concluded that, thus, the church was converted into cruciform church and mostly took its current form. The Etchmiadzin Cathedral is the oldest state-built church in the world. It is 108 ft. long and 98 ft. wide with a height of over 65 ft. As a result of renovations and restorations over a period of many centuries, Etchmiadzin Cathedral’s exterior is a mix of Armenian architectural and artistic styles. The Holy See's official magazine resumed publication in 1944, while the seminary was reopened in September 1945. [54] However, other scholars, have rejected Sahinian's view. Etchmiadzin Cathedral[C] (Armenian: Էջմիածնի մայր տաճար, Ēǰmiatsni mayr tačar) is the mother church of the Armenian Apostolic Church, located in the city of Vagharshapat (Etchmiadzin), Armenia. [151] Catholicos Vazgen I called Etchmiadzin "our Solomon's Temple. [38] Sahinian suggested that Armenian church architecture was spread in Western Europe in the 8th–9th centuries by the Paulicians, who migrated from Armenia en mase after being suppressed by the Eastern Roman government during the Iconoclasm period. [98], In December 1923, the southern apse of the cathedral collapsed. [53] Stepan Mnatsakanian suggested that the original building had been a "canopy erected on a cross [plan]," while architecture researcher Vahagn Grigoryan suggests what Mnatsakanian describes as an "extreme view,"[56] according to which the cathedral has been essentially in the same form as it is today. "[117] Despite the fact that the cathedral was renovated many times through the centuries and some alterations were made in the 17th and 19th centuries, it retains the form of the building constructed in 483/4. [53], According to Faustus of Byzantium, the cathedral and the city of Vagharshapat were almost completely destroyed during the invasion of Persian King Shapur II in the 360s[57] (circa 363). [115], Today, Etchmiadzin "has a cruciform plan with a central cupola, four free-standing piers, and four projecting apses which are semicircular on the interior and polygonal on the exterior. [127] In his 2012 analysis, Grigoryan wrote that "we can insist that the three reliefs of the Echmiadzin Cathedral were created from the very beginning, in 302–325. © Copyright 2018 Osprey Observer - All rights reserved, Faith & Footprints: Etchmiadzin Cathedral In Armenia, Fall Craft – Be Thankful For Your Blessings: Faith Like A Rock, Live Like You Mean It: Seven Reasons To Go To Church. [7] In 2003 the 1700th anniversary of the consecration of the cathedral was celebrated by the Armenian Church. [2][38][118] The fifth-century building is the core of the cathedral, while the stone cupola, turrets, belfry, and rear extension are all later additions. Etchmiadzin Cathedral was the first cathedral built in ancient Armenia. [71] The cathedral was restored by Catholicos Kirakos (Cyriacus) between 1441 and 1443. [2][38] In 982 the cross of the cathedral was reportedly removed by an Arab emir. [125][206], The theological college is mentioned in The Forty Days of Musa Dagh. Էջմիածնի [Feast of the Cathedral of Holy Etchmiadzin]", "Հայրապետական աթոռի' Վաղարշապատից Դվին տեղափոխման հարցի շուրջ [About Transfer of the Patriarchal Throne to Dvin from Vagharshapat]", "Autour de l'Eglise Saint-Georges d'Esfahan", School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences, "Արևելյան Հայաստանի միացումը Ռուսաստանին [Eastern Armenia Joining Russia]", "Եկեղեցու սեփականության բռնագրավումը Խորհրդային Հայաստանում (1920 թ. դեկտեմբեր – 1921 թ. փետրվար) [Expropriation of church in Soviet Armenia (December 1920 – February 1921)]", "Celebrating 1,700th Anniversary of the Consecration of the Mother Cathedral of Holy Etchmiadzin", "His Holiness Karekin II Declares 2003 as the Year of Holy Etchmiadzin", "Գիտաժողով՝ նվիրված Սուրբ Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճարի օծման 1700-ամյակին [Academic conference on the 1700th anniversary of the consecration of Etchmiadzin Cathedral]", "GAYRUSSIA - Равные права без компромиссов", "Խորհրդակցություն Մայր տաճարի վերականգնման հարցերի շուրջ [Consultation on the Mother Cathedral's restoration issue]", "Путешествие по весенней Армении: день первый [Journey through spring in Armenia: day first]", "Armenia: mountains, monasteries and a glimpse of the land of Noah", "Despite Ages of Captivity, The Armenians Persevere", "Շուշիի Ղազանչեցոց Ս. Ամենափրկիչ եկեղեցի [Ghazanchetsots Church of Shushi]", "Բուխարեստի հայկական եկեղեցի [Armenian Church of Bucharest]", "Vazgen I, Head of Armenian Church, Dies at 85", "Ամենայն Հայոց Վեհափառ Հայրապետի կոնդակը Հայաստանի ազատ ու ինքնիշխան պետության հռչակման առթիվ", Александр Грибоедов. [38] The renovations resumed under Catholicos Pilippos (1632–55), who built new cells for monks and renovated the roof. (The cathedral is currently under reconstruction.) The cathedral was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and aptly named ‘Etchmiadzin,’ or ‘the descent (echnel) of the only begotten (miatsin).’ The cathedral is considered one of the most ancient and beautiful examples of Christian architecture. "[83], The renovation works were interrupted by the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1635–36, during which the cathedral remained intact. Other members of the prominent Hovnatanian family (Hakob, Harutyun and Hovnatan) created paintings throughout the 18th century. [86][85] Tsitsianov's forces entered Etchmiadzin, which, according to Auguste Bontems-Lefort, a contemporary French military envoy to Persia, they looted, seriously damaging the Armenian religious buildings. The eastern part of Armenia where Etchmiadzin was located remained under the rule of Armenian vassal kings subject to Persia until 428, when the Armenian Kingdom was dissolved. Explore • Architecture • Sacred Architecture • Basilica Architecture. The latter type occurs also at Milan (San Satiro). Among its notable exhibits are the Holy Lance (Spear), relics belonging to Apostles of Jesus and John the Baptist, and a fragment of Noah's Ark. [D] According to most scholars it was the first cathedral built in ancient Armenia,[E] and is often considered the oldest cathedral in the world. "[122] Robert H. Hewsen writes that it is "neither the largest nor the most beautiful of Armenian churches", nevertheless, "the overall impression presented by the ensemble is inspiring, and Armenians hold the building in great reverence. The historic site is located near Mount Ararat, where it is believed Noah’s Ark landed after the flood. [33], In 387, Armenia was partitioned between the Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire. Within, is a city in miniature. "[2] Formally, Etchmiadzin became the religious center of the Armenians living within the Russian Empire by the 1836 statute or constitution (polozhenie). [62] They were incorporated in the local Armenian St. Georg Church when it was built in 1611. [153][154] Because the cathedral has been so important to the development of Armenians' sense of identity, a pilgrimage to Etchmiadzin is "as much as ethnic as a religious experience. [F] L’église à coupole la plus ancienne est la cathédrale d’Etchmiadzine, construite entre 301 et 303 avant J.-C. par le roi Tiridate III (Tiridates) et Saint Grégoire l’Illuminateur. [60] According to Ghazar Parpetsi, it was rebuilt from the foundations by marzban (governor) of Persian Armenia Vahan Mamikonian in 483/4,[61] when the country was relatively stable,[62] following the struggle for religious freedom against Persia. Belfries were added in the latter half of the seventeenth century and in 1868 a sacristy was constructed at the cathedral's east end. Etchmiadzin Cathedral dome interior.jpg 3,264 × 1,836; 2.33 MB. Three Apples: dOIN’ tIME iN dAW’HA - June 19, 2014. [L] In the poem, which tells about the consequences of the Mongol and Mamluk invasions of Armenia and Cilicia, Orbelian portrays Etchmiadzin Cathedral "as a woman in mourning, contemplating her former splendor and exhorting her children to return to their homeland [...] and restore its glory. Today, it serves as a popular place for tourism in Armenia and around Etchmiadzin. Son plan cruciforme à quatre absides et coupole centrale soutenue par quatre piliers constitue une contribution exceptionnelle de l’architecture ecclésiastique arménienne à l’architecture chrétienne en général. The Saint Etchmiadzin Cathedral is its most important site. In 1720, Catholicos Astvatsatur and then, in 1777–83 Simeon I of Yerevan took actions in preserving the cathedral. [209], The Soviet Union and Armenia issued postage stamps depicting the cathedral in 1978 and 2009, respectively. Grigoryan wrote in 1986 that even the main dimensions of the cathedral are unknown. The Catholicosate of Aghtamar and the locally influential Syunik bishops enhanced the importance of the region around Etchmiadzin. [7] In 1653–54, he started the construction of the belfry in the western wing of Etchmiadzin Cathedral. [55] Among them, Suren Yeremian and Armen Khatchatrian held that the original church had been in the form of a rectangle with a dome supported by four pillars. Major religious figures like Patriarch Cyril of Bulgaria (1967),[180] Archbishops of Canterbury Donald Coggan (1977)[181] and George Carey (1993),[182] Ilia II of Georgia (1997, 2003),[183][184] Pope John Paul II (2001),[185] Bartholomew I of Constantinople (2001),[186] Ignatius Zakka I Iwas (2002),[187][188] Patriarch Kirill of Moscow (2010),[189] Pope Francis (2016) visited Etchmiadzin. [7], In 1903, the Russian government issued an edict to confiscate the properties of the Armenian Church, including the treasures of Etchmiadzin. In fact, this cathedral is the prototype of all further constructions of the same type. It was completed in 1658 by Catholicos Hakob IV Jugayetsi. Churches. And it is not for nothing that it is listed in UNESCO’s great heritage list. [89], The cathedral prospered under Russian rule, despite the suspicions that the Imperial Russian government had about Etchmiadzin becoming a "possible center of the Armenian nationalist sentiment. [127] These reliefs have been dated by various authors between the first and sixth centuries. [86], On 13 April 1827, during the Russo-Persian War (1826–28), Etchmiadzin was captured by the Russian General Ivan Paskevich's troops without fight and was formally annexed by Russia, with the Persian-controlled parts of Armenia, roughly corresponding to the territory of the modern Republic of Armenia (also known as Eastern Armenia), according to the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay. [130] Art historian Sirarpie Der Nersessian believed that they are from the fifth or sixth century. ... Cathedrals. One example is the Armenian Church of Bucharest, Romania, designed by Dimitrie Maimarolu and built in 1911–12. Now in ruins, it is located at the edge of the city of Vagharshapat (Etchmiadzin) in Armavir Province of Armenia. Etchmiadzin Cathedral is an old Armenian cathedral which is located in the city of Vagharshapat in the Armavir Province of the Republic of Armenia. Etchmiadzin Cathedral, which is located in Etchmiadzin, Armenia. [5] The pyre of the fire temple was unearthed under the altar of the east apse during the excavations in the 1950s. "[150] The locus of Etchmiadzin is considered "a sanctified soil" in a way similar to Temple Mount and the Golden Temple, for Jews and Sikhs, respectively. [7][38] Wealthy diaspora benefactors, such as Calouste Gulbenkian and Alex Manoogian, financially assisted the renovation of the cathedral. "[158] "Deprived of a political head and even a political capital the [Armenian] people have, for at least five hundred years, looked to Etchmiadzin as the home of their people, the centre to which they looked for guidance, unfailing sympathy, and practical aid," wrote Welsh journalist and politician W. Llewelyn Williams in his 1916 book about Armenia. If you have the time, the monastery museum is well worth a visit and you'll learn a lot about the country's religious culture. Today, Etchmiadzin "has a cruciform plan with a central cupola, four free-standing piers, and four projecting apses which are semicircular on the interior and polygonal on the exterior. Gayane. Etchmiadzin was plundered by Shah Abbas I of Persia in 1604, when relics and stones were taken out of the cathedral to New Julfa in an effort to undermine Armenians' attachment to their land. "[152] The cathedral complex has been called "Armenian Vatican" or "Armenian Mecca" as it is a major pilgrimage site for religious Armenians worldwide. [7] Gulbenkian alone provided $400,000. Architecture. The core of the current building was built in 483/4 by Vahan Mamikonian after the cathedral was severely damaged in a Persian invasion. He called the cathedral "a witness to the history of your people and the centre from which its spirituality radiates."[190]. Architecture fans will love it. "[2] According to Robert H. Hewsen, the design of the new church was a mixture of the design of a Zoroastrian fire temple and a mausoleum of classical antiquity. [77] He wanted to destroy the cathedral and have its remains brought to Isfahan. In June 1804, during the Russo-Persian War (1804–13), the Russian troops led by General Pavel Tsitsianov tried to take Etchmiadzin, but failed. "[156] Royal Navy Captain James Creagh highlighted its immense role for the Armenian people in his 1880 book, writing that "The monastery and cathedral of Echmiadzin may, without any exaggeration, be described as the heart of the Armenian nation. [90], In 1868, Catholicos Gevorg (George) IV made the last major alteration to the cathedral by adding a sacristy to its east end. Zvartnots Cathedral near Etchmiadzin, Armenia. Vous serez au cœur du plus ancien bâtiment chrétien de l’Arménie. [38] Additionally, a wall was built around the cathedral, making it a fort-like complex. As a result of renovations and restorations over a period of many centuries, Etchmiadzin Cathedral's exterior is a mix of Armenian architectural and artistic styles. According to the 5th-century Armenian annals, St. Gregory had a vision of Christ descending from heaven and striking the earth […] 640–661). Log in. It has been called "the focal point of Armenians everywhere. une ville d'Arménie située à une vingtaine de kilomètres d'Erevan. Его жизнь и литературная деятельность, Владимир Высоцкий: воспоминания, Давид Карапетян, Modern history [part 2]. [38][146] According to Strzygowski, some examples of churches influenced by Etchmiadzin and Bagaran are the 9th-century church of Germigny-des-Prés in France (built by Odo of Metz, probably an Armenian) and San Satiro of Milan, Italy. The now-destroyed St. Theodore Church of Bagaran, dating from 624 to 631,[135] was the only known church with a significantly similar plan and structure from that period. Another astonishing church in Etchmiadzin is St Hripsime Church. During the 1921 February Uprising Etchmiadzin was briefly (until April) taken over by the nationalist Armenian Revolutionary Federation, which had dominated the pre-Soviet Armenian government between 1918 and 1920. It is 108 ft. long and 98 ft. wide with a height of over 65 ft. "[125], The northern wall of the cathedral contains two reliefs which depict Paul the Apostle and Saint Thecla[126] and a cross with all arms of equal length with Greek inscriptions. According to most scholars it was the first cathedral built in ancient Armenia, and is often considered the [148], —Italian historian and traveler Luigi Villari, 1906[149], For many centuries, Etchmiadzin was the national and political center of the stateless Armenian people. [113][114], The latest renovation of the cathedral began in 2012,[109] with a focus on strengthening and restoring the dome and the roof. Hence, the patriarch gave the church the name of Etchmiadzin (էջ ēĵ "descent" + մի mi "only" + -ա- -a- (linking element) + ծին tsin "begotten"),[48] which translates to "the Descent of the Only-Begotten [Son of God].
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