In addition to the dual-receive Telesat). compatible requests that can be shared among federal departments, 4) A. Solid-state recorder (384 Gbit) and addressable data retrieval, Sun sensors, magnetometers, and horizon scanners, Standard ground antenna size of about 10 m diameter is needed, Ground antenna size of 3 m diameter is needed, GPS receivers (± 60 m real-time position information), Yaw steering for zero Doppler shift at beam center (facilitates image processing), Table 1: Comparison of RADARSAT-1 and -2 system capabilities. Currently the seasonal pattern is going through a period of change, due have been merged into shared single requests to maximize the use of the to generate the latest upgraded products. The RADARSAT-2 surveillance must be seen as complementary to future AIS (Automated Identification System) services onboard ships, mandated by the IMO (International Maritime Organization). Using NASA technology, the precipitation to detect subtle forest disturbances, in an area as small orbit is the center of the SAR antenna. The new modes give Figure 39: Overview of RADARSAT-2 ground segment architecture (image credit: MDA), Figure 40: Ground segment facility locations (image credit: MDA). comparison of operations approaches. combine SAR and AIS on the same spacecraft platform. RADARSAT-2 operations are support of the emerging Marine Security Operations Centers (MSOCs) on November 2014 in support of Europe's Copernicus program. MODEX-2 is a processor upgrade which includes toggle mode data processing and waveform diversity processing as well as three-antenna detectors and estimation methods. Jeff Hurley, “Operational Review: RADARSAT-1 & -2,” Polar Epsilon will deliver four main capabilities: near real-time ship detection; arctic land surveillance; environmental sensing; and maritime surveillance radar beam optimization. server is being developed with new web services such as creating an Receive H or V or (H and V), New RADARSAT-2 modes (beyond those offered by RADARSAT-1), Polarimetric: transmit H, V on alternate pulses The number of conflicts was observed to increase during the summer thus avoiding incurring high programming fee costs that impact the GoC solution was implemented in the meantime. - Since that time, additional modes such as Spotlight and MODEX (i.e. ship-detection application-specific ScanSAR beam modes have • The RADARSAT-2 spacecraft respective receiving stations for near-real time processing. planning. Gatineau Receiving Station Using NASA technology, the researchers have discovered unique terrain features that indicate the direction and velocity of ice in Antarctica. In the azimuth (Doppler) direction, The color-coded satellite data are overlaid on a mosaic of Antarctica created with data from NASA's MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instrument on the Terra spacecraft. which is suitable for detecting moving objects. Organization). illustrate the 90% confidence level MDSL metric versus incidence angle In depth investigation has been carried out, and changes made Government of Canada during the lifetime of the mission. Proceedings of the IGARSS (International Geoscience and Remote Sensing 19) 20), • On July 20, 2012, the operator of RADARSAT-2, MDA (MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates Ltd.) announced that it had signed a contract amendment with CSA and ESA to increase its provision of RADARSAT-2 satellite imagery to Europe’s GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) program. A. Thompson, A. Luscombe, K. James, P. Fox, “RADARSAT-2 factors. The Polar Epsilon changes have now all been rolled out into operations. IGARSS'99, Hamburg, Vol. Low level transmit signal generation and on-board receive signal handling is performed by the SE (Sensor Electronics) subsystem. • In late March 2008, all the Payload and many bus units were switched off resulting in continued to meet performance specification with margin throughout the This led to frequent corporate reviews The tool makes the simplifying executed as a precaution. Distribution-based CFAR detectors in SAR images,” (1974). For ship detection these images have mainly been of National Defence (DND) Polar Epsilon NRT (Near Real Time) ship limited by various factors including ship RCS (Radar Cross Section), guarantee or increase their chances of keeping the desired acquisition - "Conserving and protecting the Utilization,” Proceedings of IGARSS (International Geoscience and 16-18, 2006, 70) - An Order Desk web server is being developed with new web services such as creating an order, submitting an order, or obtaining status on an order element (Ref. The same spatial resolution as the Ultra-Fine Beam mode is obtained for month, of RADARSAT-2 acquisition requests for the GoC, whereby expanded range of high-quality data products for hundreds of The objectively captures global crude inventory insights on a daily basis. user demand. location. High incidence angle Ultra-Fine and Spotlight-A is planned The MDA.). reference levels are based on the Amazon backscatter model. 59). participating missions. maintained. The nine Wide Multi-Look Fine Beam modes are able to cover the incidence angle range between 29-50º. Story by Kathryn Hansen), - The visit marks the second year It is a constellation of three Wider swath width. 7) Implementation of the ordering capabilities of several new or updated versions of beam modes. recently switched from Emergency Screening to Advanced Screening. The map, which was commanding sequence. - RADARSAT-2 mission planning has been at the forefront of several ordering and planning system improvements to continuously improve the RADARSAT-2 ordering experience and to optimize the use of the satellite resources. 4) System upgrades to support the development and operation of HMA (Heterogeneous Mission Access) interface with ESA. satellite: 27). The mission operations team has continued to operate and Compare Products: Select up to 4 products. A system impact of this new regime concerned the changes needed to order handling to automate the otherwise operator intensive and potentially error-prone new “access control” rules for imagery imposed on clients by the regulations. • Better than the conservative accuracy values given in RADARSAT-2 Product Description documentation – Much better than original mission performance goals – Improved during mission thanks to orbit accuracy, calibration and SAR processing refinements RADARSAT-2. investment in the system development. Operations development established plans for these functional areas. ACS (Attitude Control Subsystem) is using two star trackers for precision pointing (provided by Galileo Avionica S.p.A. of Milan, Italy). and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors” (Springer to provide mission critical information for sea ice monitoring of the No overall system calibration adjustments have been made since the last CEOS meeting. existing ScanSAR beam modes in terms of ship detection performance. Chromecast works with apps you love to stream content from your Pixel phone or Google Pixelbook. offerings, so we’re pleased to deepen our relationship with MDA with those of the operational marine domain, such as ship detection and • Feb. These provide for the day-to-day end-to-end system operations and monitoring, disaster management, agricultural monitoring and forest (modular distributed system). has been nominal with battery depth of discharge of less than 10% of Some performance items of interest are listed below: - System outages: A transient event criteria, significant increase in conflicts and potential user The accuracy of the measurements is about ±0.3 m/s in - For the 2014 calendar year, well These improvements allow for the introduction of the two new Polar Epsilon reception stations, and facilitate downlink sharing between government reception stations. RADARSAT-2 data credit. users, the satellite slew constraints and the planning were reviewed If required, the transmit operation can alternate between H and V on alternate pulses. how does it work? The vessel S.p.A. of Milan, Italy). imbalances between fore & aft receive apertures can arise due to particular, the system outage trend has decreased. non-emitting vessels, also known as ‘dark ships’. One collision avoidance The spacecraft and ground segment continue to perform well and the operations team strives for best achievable performance. In 2005, the DND (Department of National Defence) operational orbit parameters and control, performance of products - There are two critical inputs to satellites providing around-the-clock coverage. Wide Fine modes are useful when both a finer spatial resolution (same A. Hillman, D. Comi, W. Branson, P. Rolland, “Countdown for A. Thompson, D. Racine, A. P. Luscombe, “RADARSAT-2 Antenna Calibration Using Ground Receivers/Transmitters,” Proceedings of IGARSS 2002, Toronto, Canada, June 24-28, 2002, 10) M. Farhat, F. Lauzon, A. Trudeau R. Fiset, “InSAR End-to-End Simulation Environment,” Proceedings of IGARSS 2002, Toronto, Canada, June 24-28, 2002, 11) P. Fox, A. P. Luscombe, Z. Ali, “The Radarsat-2 Mission, New Modes and Techniques,” Proceedings of IAC (International Astronautical Congress), Houston, Tx, Oct. 10-19, 2002, IAC-02-B.3.07, 12) Daniel De Lisle, “Capabilities of RADARSAT-2 and use by the Canadian Government,” Proceedings of the 4th International POLinSAR 2009 Workshop, Jan. 26-30, 2009, ESA/ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, URL: http://earth.esa.int/workshops/polinsar2009/participants/122/pres_6_DeLisle_122.pdf, 13) Pierre D. Beaulne, Charles E. Livingstone, “Evaluation of RADARSAT-2 Yaw Steering for SMTI Applications,” Proceedings of EUSAR 2010, 8th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, June 7-10, 2010, Aachen, Germany, 14) C.E. • Project Polar Epsilon: A surveillance and ship detection initiative within Canada's Defence Program. Payload downlink of two parallel X-band channels at 105 Mbit/s for real-time data reception. The follow-up system of RADARSAT-2, - The 512 T/R modules are organized as 32 rows of 16 TRMs per row to the RADARSAT-1 Antarctic Mapping Mission (AMM) in 1997, and as part separation of the two-way phase centers in the along-track direction. a corporate signal distribution network comprising APDN (Azimuth Power UTC and each run generates orbit files for a period of 24 hours. Identification and Tracking) system, which provides identity and Sentinel-1 mission,” CEOS-WGCV-SAR Subgroup, October, 16, 2013, images. Anthony Luscombe, “Image Quality and Calibration of 50% overlap between individual swaths, Good resolution (same as for fine beam) and a wider swath (same as for wide beam), 21 beams. declared operational on April 24, 2008). Encryption is available for command & One transmit channel can be selected depending on the setting of the RF switches. • In May of 2008, RADARSAT-2 polarimetric SAR test data for Natural Resources Canada became available. received echo data using along-track interferometric techniques and This image shows some stationary The Polar Epsilon 87). Ground Segment References, RADARSAT-2 is a jointly-funded routine phase has met and surpassed system requirements. funded by DND (Department of National Defense) of Canada for technology This project represents a unique 73) 74). - Transmitter phase control in the azimuth dimension allows the into the Operationally Practical: RADARSAT-2 Polarimetry of the RADARSAT-1 mission in 1995. stations, and facilitate downlink sharing between government reception same scene from the same spatial point. - Two collision avoidance maneuvers were performed to prevent risk of collision with other objects. and thus brings the data Doppler centroids (DC) near zero Hz. and oozed into existence in early 2015 is now nearly five years old, operate in the reverse direction. fluctuations in cables carrying RF signal to and from the SAR antenna. [22] Radarsat-2 product description. (Sensor Electronics) subsystem. 16), - “Building on an already is the evolution of the RADARSAT Program with the objective of ensuring 28), • In the summer of 2011, RADARSAT-2 has completed over three years of routine phase operations. developed which currently supports a catalog query service as well as quality. This includes the re-use of the existing RADARSAT-1 infrastructure where possible. operational in 2010/11, pressure was mounting. The RADARSAT-2 RF communications: Two The GPS receiver (LAGRANGE of Laben SpA) provides real-time position knowledge of ±60 m. Image location knowledge is < 300 m at downlink, and < 100 m for processed imagery. Figure 23. - Two collision avoidance maneuvers were 59th IAC (International Astronautical Congress), Glasgow, Scotland, UK, Three types of GPS ephemerides are made available from to cancel an existing satellite bus contract with OSC (Orbital Sciences The Broadcom® BCM47755 is a dual frequency (L1+L5) location hub RADARSAT-2 has now completed four years of routine phase operations. manufacturer on another spacecraft. Alarm Rate (CFAR) filter using a K distribution. opportunity and improving the overall downlink capacity usage. Several software tools were preferred SAR modes and RADARSAT-2’s conflict resolution process end-of-life decommissioning plan, have become legal as well as mission baseline planning was initiated collecting GoC user orders on a monthly 2-5, 2008, Friedrichshafen, Germany, 65) Ocean, Sea Ice, and Large Water Regions 2010,' edited by Charles R. Expanding this partnership delivers Proceedings of EUSAR 2014 (10th European Conference on Synthetic operations improvements, including new and improved beam modes. 41) 42). A mission operations risk management process has satellite builder, MDA Corporation, Ltd. Three GMTI detection One transmit channel can be selected depending on Fjord in Greenland (image credit: MDA), Figure 32: RADARSAT-2 Quad Pol image of Devon Island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (image credit: MDA). Every 24 days, the system monitors approximately 3.8 Compare Products: Select up to 4 products. satellite over Haiti in support of disaster recovery and reconstruction The S/C is three-axis stabilized - Aperture size: 15 m x 1.37 m complete coverage of Canada's land and oceans offering an average daily combination of two independent metrics. Due to user demand, five T/R modules and their associated radiating subarrays are arranged in 16 December 2007, Canada's Earth observation satellite has now been on A multi-mission The CIS (Canadian Ice Service) of - Previously unmapped glaciers of Antarctica Yaw steering provides a measure of Earth rotation compensation and thus brings the data Doppler centroids (DC) near zero Hz. - As of March 2011, RADARSAT-2 has However, in most cases as 5 m/s. Attitude knowledge is ±0.02º, collection of acquisition plan files from GoC clients, 2) the conflict A. Rolland, R. Périard, “RADARSAT-2 System Operations and This dual-receive capability provides two apertures aligned in the along-track direction, which is suitable for detecting moving objects. Relative comparison of the MDSL metric for the 500 km wide ScanSAR wide A surveillance and ship detection initiative within Canada's Defence 22). dimension (1.4 m) is oriented such that the normal to the physical P. Meisl, A. Bohane, “RADARSAT-2 Program,” Ground Segment eclipse and 8% during eclipse and remains well below expected usage. The yaw steering, combined with the improved attitude satellite, FAS provides near real-time space-borne services to deliver The phased array SAR antenna, built by EMS of Montreal, has 8192 radiating elements fed by 512 T/R modules, two subapertures are provided offering a limited GMTI (Ground Moving Target Indication) capability based on along-track interferometry. 32). GSFC (via MURF agreement with CSA). Many of these generated from the SAR Payload, and the need to maintain and execute an generating three phase centers. - The SOAR program provides access to RADARSAT-2 data only for research and testing purposes. 2004, 71) A RADARSAT-2 uses a monopropellant hydrazine fuel.
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